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Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta

(Hillebr.) W.L.Wagner, D.R.Herbst & Sohmer (1989)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Violaceae Genus: Viola

‘olopū, pāmakani

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs with few branches.

Stems: Stems rooting along lower part when decumbent, glabrous or pubescent.

Roots: Taprooted.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, usually clustered toward upper part of branch. Blades deltate–ovate to deltate–cordate or rarely cordate, 6–12 cm long, (2–)2.5–9 cm wide. Apex long-acuminate or acuminate. Base truncate to broadly cuneate. Surfaces glabrous or lower surfaces pubescent. Margins dentate–serrate. Petioles 2–5 cm long. Stipules asymmetrically broadly deltate or deltate, 5–16 mm long, 2–7 mm wide, remotely glandular–toothed and somewhat irregularly lacerate near apex, rarely further down along margins.

Flowers: Flowers 1–2(–4) per peduncle, axillary on stems and lateral branches, peduncles 8–60 mm long, pedicels 20–70 mm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect); apparently all chasmogamous. Calyx of 5 sepals, subequal, linear–lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent, imbricate, margins ± ciliate, upper sepal ca. 5–8 mm long, lateral ones ca. 5.5–9 mm long, lower ones ca. 5–8 mm long. Corolla zygomorphic, consisting of 5 distinct petals, these unequal, lateral ones smaller than upper pair, petals white tinged purple, especially toward base, lower surface usually tinged darker purple, obliquely spatulate, ± ciliate toward base, upper petals 10–21 mm long, lateral ones 10.5–23 mm long, lower one 11.3–22.5 mm long, saccate at base. Stamens 5, 4.2–4.5 mm long, connective of lower ones prolonged into a nose–shaped or straight, broadly rectangular-cuneate structure ca. 1–2.5 mm long; staminal filaments coherent around ovary; anther connective of lower Stamens prolonged into an appendage, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled, placentation parietal; ovules numerous per placenta, anatropous; style 1.

Fruit: Capsules with loculicidal dehiscence; (10–)12–17(–20) mm long; elastically dehiscent by rigid keels and thin valve walls. Seeds numerous; dark brown to nearly black; obovoid; 1.8–2.3 mm long; seed coat somewhat leathery; dull; apex rounded; with fleshy; oily endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = ca. 76*

Habitat: Mesic to wet forest.

Elevation Range: 330–1,890 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 29: 117 (1989)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1333 (Mo)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Upper Kawela Gulch Shaded areas on forest floor with Athyrium, Cyrtandra, sedges, etc. Preserved_Specimen Gagné, B.H. Molokai BISH 1981-01-07
2 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta W of Pepeopae bog on trail from Hanalilolilo Summit area Wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest, with Liparis hawaiiensis, Mecodium recurvum, Broussaisia arguta, Astelia forbesii Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 2220 Molokai BISH 1966-08-25
3 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Olokui, Wailele Valley Dense rain forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23248 Molokai BISH 1948-02-04
4 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Swamps above Waikolu On moss-covered trees Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6196 Molokai BISH 1910-03-28
5 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Hanalilolilo, head of Waikolu Valley Open damp forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12431 Molokai BISH 1932-12-21
6 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta In small tributary of small stream leading to Kawela Intake tunnel Narrow wet gulch, associated with numerous Cyanea, Cyrtandra spp., Carex, Clermontia, Dianella, and dense Athyrium ground cover. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 803 Molokai BISH 1982-05-22
7 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Above Cookes mountain cabin rain forest Preserved_Specimen Whitney, L.D. 4440 Molokai BISH 1936-09-16
8 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kamakou Preserve, Kawela Section, slope S of Papaala Pali Growing between mossy `ohi`a roots in closed `ohi`a rain forest with understory of `olapa, pilo, kolea, kopiko, and hapu`u. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 1103 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
9 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Wawaia AHU Tr 9(1) Kalapamoa Ridge Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3887 Molokai BISH 1979-07-11
10 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta At head of Waikolu Valley, near Pepeopae Bog Wet forest Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2501 Molokai BISH 1938-07-06
11 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kalawao District, Kawela AHU Betw Puu Alii & Pepeopae Bog overlooking Pelekunu Wet ohia forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2347 Molokai BISH 1979-06-22
12 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Wailau AHU Tr 21(5), betw Wailau & Pelekunu Valleys, central area of Olokui Wet ohia forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2936 Molokai BISH 1980-08-02
13 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Waihanau, southern fork above dam, deeply carved drainage strewn with boulders Mestrosideros riparian lowland wet forest with Pipturus albidus, Touchardia latifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum, Scaevola chamissoniana, Cyrtandra grayii, Clermontia arborescens & C. pallida, Lobelia hypolecua, Dryopteris acutidens Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 7061 Molokai BISH 1997-12-29
14 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Upper headwaters of Kumueli Stream, SE of Kamakou Peak In small bog. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Dubautia, Sadleria, Coprosma, Plantago, Machaerina, Ilex, Labordia, Astelia, Lycopodiella, Myrsine, Adenophorus, Cibotium, Deschampsia, Dicranopteris Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 50903 Molokai BISH 2009-05-05
15 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kawela, Puu o Kaeha wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12479 Molokai BISH 1932-12-23
16 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta S rim of Waikolu Valley, near Hanalilolilo On moist gullysides Preserved_Specimen Crosby, M.R. 1687 Molokai BISH 1964-07-05
17 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Above Kamalo, near Pelekunu pali Growing on moss-covered trees Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 7019 Molokai BISH 1910-04-01
18 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Pepeopae Bog to edge of Pelekunu Valley Abundant in rain forest around bog area, epiphyte and on bryphyte covered, wet soil Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2964 Molokai BISH 1973-04-04
19 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kawela AHU Tr5(7), Ridge N of W fork of Kawela Gulch Wet ohia forest with other native trees & treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3910 Molokai BISH 1979-06-21
20 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Olokui Natural Area Reserve, summit region, Wailau Stream drainage basin Vegetation: Metrosideros polymorpha var. polymorpha & var. glaberrima, Cheirodendron trigynum, Melicope clusiifolia, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Cibotium menziesii, Sticherus owhyhensis, Athyrium microphyllum, Astelia menziesiana, Cyanea solenocalyx, Cyrtandra grayana, Smilax melastomifolia, Broussaisia arguta, Anoectochilus sandvicensis, Clermontia oblongifolia subsp. brevipes, Sadleria pallida, Peperomia Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 11523 Molokai BISH 2015-01-28
21 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Hanalilolilo, head of Waikolu Valley Valley E of tunnel on pipeline trail Wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23397 Molokai BISH 1948-12-19
22 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Nualele [sp?] Valley In rain forest & along stream bank Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 22216 Molokai BISH 1952-03-18
23 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Wailau AHU Tr 19(1), between Wailau & Pelekunu valleys, Olokui Plateau Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9402 Molokai BISH 1980-08-02
24 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Nualele [sp?] Valley In rainforest & along stream bank Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 22216 Molokai BISH 1952-03-18
25 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kawela, Waikolu Valley Ridge betw Hanalilolilo & Pepeopae Swampy rain forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12576 Molokai BISH 1932-12-25
26 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Olokui Natural Area Reserve, summit region, Wailau Stream drainage basin On large Sadleria souleyetiana trunk, but also observed more commonly terrestrially. Vegetation: Metrosideros polymorpha var. polymorpha & var. glaberrima, Cheirodendron trigynum, Melicope clusiifolia, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Cibotium menziesii, Sticherus owhyhensis, Athyrium microphyllum, Astelia menziesiana, Cyanea solenocalyx, Cyrtandra grayana, Smilax melastomifolia, Broussaisia arguta, Anoectochilus sandvicensis, Sadleria pallida, Peperomia Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 11512 Molokai BISH 2015-01-27
27 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Olokui, Wailele Valley Dense rain forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23248 Molokai BISH 1948-02-04
28 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Rainforest of SW of Kaunuohua Closed Metrosdieros forest with Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Pelea, Psychotria, and Gouldia. Other epiphyties include Peperomia, Lycopodium serratum, Adenophorus, and Astelia. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 768 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
29 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kamakou Preserve. Along boardwalk swamp forest. Growing epiphytically from base of Metrosideros polymorpha. Preserved_Specimen Havran, J.C. 2003 Molokai BISH 2007-07-01
30 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Above Pelekunu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 377 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
31 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kamokou Preserve, forest upslope of Puu Kolekole near summit, old USFWS transect 7, East Molokai Montane wet Metrosideros forest with native trees and ferns. Preserved_Specimen Pratt, L.W. 358 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
32 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Molokai; Hawaii; Maui Edge of bog forest Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 577 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
33 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kawela AHU Tr5(1), top of Papaala Pali, Kaunuohua Wet ohia forest with other native trees & treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3910 Molokai BISH 1979-06-21
34 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kamakou Preserve Hanalilolilo Trail to Pepeopae Bog Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4917 Molokai BISH 1983-07-30
35 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Between Hanalilolilo & Pepeopae Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620611006 Molokai BISH 1962-06-11
36 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Slopes just below Pepeopae Bog Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1959 Molokai BISH 1966-08-25
37 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Above Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 140 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
38 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kamoku Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6114 Molokai BISH 1910-03-01
39 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Between Hanalilolilo & Pepeopae Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620611006 Molokai BISH 1962-06-11
40 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kamalo Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Molokai BISH
41 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Pukoo Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 295 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
42 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Kawela Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Molokai BISH 1910-02-01
43 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Above Kawela Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Molokai BISH 1909-03-01
44 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Above Kamalo Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17058 Molokai BISH 1910-04-01
45 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Waikolu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 16030 Molokai BISH 1918-04-01
46 Viola chamissoniana subsp. robusta Mts above Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 140 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
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